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Papers

Showing 152 of 152 papers

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Who Is Using AI to Code? Global Diffusion and Impact of Generative AI

Daniotti, Wachs, Feng, Neffke

20261 citations
LLM / Generative AISoftware / codingJunior / entry-levelSenior / older workersHuman-AI collaborationAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: GitHub commits (2019-2024) for ~100k US developers and 2,000 sampled developers per year in China, France, Germany, India, Russia; HumanEval and HumanEval-X benchmark datasets; WildChat real-world LLM conversations

AI Expands Scientists' Impact but Contracts Science's Focus

Hao, Xu, Li, Evans

20265 citations
AI (General)Science / research

Data: Unknown - bibliometric data

AI-Exposed Jobs Deteriorated Before ChatGPT

Frank, Sabet, Simon, Bana, Yu

2026
LLM / Generative AISoftware / codingJunior / entry-levelEducation

Data: U.S. unemployment insurance records; LinkedIn profiles; University syllabi

Anthropic Economic Index Report: Economic Primitives

Appel, Massenkoff, McCrory, McCain, Heller, Neylon, Tamkin

2026
LLM / Generative AISoftware / codingWriting / contentHuman-AI collaborationAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: Claude usage data (privacy-preserving aggregation via Clio)

State of AI: An Empirical 100 Trillion Token Study with OpenRouter

Aubakirova, Atallah, Clark, Summerville, Midha

2026
LLM / Generative AISoftware / codingPlatforms / gig economyHuman-AI collaboration

Data: OpenRouter API usage logs (100 trillion tokens)

AI, Automation, and Expertise

Teeselink, Carey

2026
LLM / Generative AIAutomation / RobotsLabor displacementLabor market concentration

Data: Revelio Labs job postings

How Adaptable Are American Workers to AI-Induced Job Displacement?

Manning, Aguirre

2026
LLM / Generative AIAugmentation vs. substitutionJunior / entry-levelSenior / older workersGender

Data: O*NET Skills and Work Activities; SIPP (Survey of Income and Program Participation); BLS OEWS

Working paper

The Diffusion of Disruptive Technologies

Bloom, Hassan, Kalyani, Lerner, Tahoun

20255 citations
Automation / RobotsMachine Learning (pre-LLM)AI (General)Platforms / gig economyGeneral automation

Data: USPTO patents; Burning Glass job postings

Canaries in the Coal Mine: Six Facts about the Recent Employment Effects of AI

Brynjolfsson, Chandar, Chen

2025
LLM / Generative AIJunior / entry-levelSoftware / codingCustomer serviceAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: ADP payroll data

Working paper

The Labor Market Effects of Generative Artificial Intelligence

Hartley, Jolevski, de Melo, Moore

202512 citations
LLM / Generative AIAI (General)

Data: Survey data; BLS

Generative AI as Seniority-Biased Technological Change: Evidence from U.S. Resume and Job Posting Data

Lichtinger, Maasoum

20257 citations
LLM / Generative AIAI AdoptionJunior / entry-levelHuman-AI collaborationAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: U.S. resume data (~62M workers, 285K firms); GenAI job postings

Working paper

Large Language Models, Small Labor Market Effects

Humlum, Vestergaard

202525 citations
LLM / Generative AIJunior / entry-levelGenderTraining / upskillingAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: Two surveys (25K workers, 7K workplaces); Danish admin data

Working paper

How People Use ChatGPT

Chatterji, Cunningham, Deming, Hitzig, Ong, Shan, Wadman

202532 citations
LLM / Generative AIWriting / contentSoftware / codingEducationCustomer serviceScience / researchJunior / entry-levelSenior / older workersGenderDeveloping economiesHuman-AI collaborationDecision-makingTraining / upskillingGeneral automation

Data: Privacy-preserving sample of actual ChatGPT conversations

Working paper

Shifting Work Patterns with Generative AI

Dillon, Jaffe, Immorlica, Stanton

20255 citations
LLM / Generative AIHuman-AI collaborationTraining / upskilling

Data: 7,137 knowledge workers (Microsoft); 6-month RCT

Working paper

AI and the Extended Workday: Productivity, Contracting Efficiency, and Distribution of Rents

Jiang, Park, Xiao, Zhang

20254 citations
LLM / Generative AIAI (General)Human-AI collaborationAugmentation vs. substitutionGeneral automationPlatforms / gig economy

Data: American Time Use Survey (ATUS)

Working paper

Beyond the Race between Education and Technology

Katz

2025
AI (General)Training / upskillingRoutine task changeAugmentation vs. substitutionGeneral automation

Data: Census/CPS (19th century-2023)

Working paper

Displacement or Complementarity? The Labor Market Impact of Generative AI

Chen, Srinivasan, Zakerinia

2025
LLM / Generative AIHuman-AI collaborationDecision-makingAlgorithmic management

Data: Near-universe of US job postings

AI and the Future of Work in an Aging Economy

Pizzinelli, Tavares

2025
AI (General)Senior / older workersAugmentation vs. substitutionTraining / upskillingOccupational mobilityGeneral automation

Data: Cross-country labor data on occupational mobility by age

Working paper

Expertise

Autor, Thompson

20254 citations
AI (General)Automation / RobotsRoutine task changeAugmentation vs. substitutionGeneral automation

Data: Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) 1977; O*NET 2018 (release 23.0); U.S. Census 1980; American Community Survey (ACS) 2018; Current Population Survey (CPS) 1971; Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) 2018; Educator's Word Frequency Guide (1995); Dale-Chall List (1995)

Working paper

Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Exposure Across Industries in South Korea and the United States

Baek, Lee

2025
AI (General)

Large Language Models at Work in China's Labor Market

Chen, Ge, Xie, Xu, Yang

20254 citations
LLM / Generative AIGeneral automation

Data: None (conceptual paper)

Equalising the Effects of Automation? The Role of Task Overlap for Job Finding

Dabed, Genz, Rademakers

2025
Automation / RobotsOccupational mobility

The Cybernetic Teammate: A Field Experiment on Generative AI Reshaping Teamwork and Expertise

Dell’Acqua, Ayoubi, Lifshitz, Sadun, Mollick, Mollick, Han, Goldman, Nair, Taub, Lakhani

202524 citations
LLM / Generative AIHuman-AI collaborationCollective intelligence / teamsDecision-making

Data: Procter & Gamble field experiment data (May-July 2024); AI interaction logs (prompts and responses); expert quality evaluations; pre- and post-task surveys

Working paper

Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure

Gmyrek, Berg, Kamiński, Konopczyński, Ładna, Nafradi, Rosłaniec, Troszyński

20255 citations
LLM / Generative AIGenderAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: Polish 6-digit occupational classification system (KZiS, 29,753 tasks); CAWI survey of 1,640 employed workers in Poland (52,558 task ratings); Expert validation survey (608 tasks); ISCO-08 task descriptions (3,265 tasks); ILO harmonized microdata for employment estimates

Working paper

Which Economic Tasks Are Performed with AI? Evidence from Millions of Claude Conversations

Handa, Tamkin, McCain, Huang

20255 citations
LLM / Generative AISoftware / codingWriting / contentCustomer serviceEducationScience / researchHuman-AI collaborationAugmentation vs. substitutionGeneral automation

Data: ADP (Automatic Data Processing) administrative payroll records, January 2021 - July 2025

Collaborating with AI Agents: Field Experiments on Teamwork, Productivity, and Performance

Ju, Aral

20252 citations
LLM / Generative AICreative workHuman-AI collaborationCollective intelligence / teams

Data: Custom experiment data from Pairit platform (lab experiment); Prolific participant pool; X (Twitter) advertising API data (field experiment); DocSend document view tracking data

Your Brain on ChatGPT: Accumulation of Cognitive Debt When Using an AI Assistant for Essay Writing Task

Kosmyna, Hauptmann, Yuan, Situ, Liao, Beresnitzky, Braunstein, Maes

202527 citations
LLM / Generative AIWriting / contentEducationHuman-AI collaborationDecision-making

Data: EEG recordings (Neuroelectrics Enobio 32-channel headset); Participant-written essays; ChatGPT interaction logs; Post-session interview recordings; Background questionnaires

Workers' Exposure to AI Across Development

Lewandowski, Madoń, Park

2025

Algorithmic Management in the Workplace: New Evidence from an OECD Employer Survey

Milanez, Lemmens, Ruggiu

202523 citations
AI (General)Algorithmic managementHuman-AI collaborationDecision-making

Data: OECD Employer Survey on Algorithmic Management

Working paper

How and When Will AI Impact the Economy: Evidence from China

Peng, Zhou, Xiong, Ernst, Zhu

2025

AI and Freelancers: Has the Inflection Point Arrived?

Qiao, Rui, Qian

20255 citations
LLM / Generative AIPlatforms / gig economyWriting / contentSoftware / codingAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: Proprietary worker-level transaction data from unnamed online labor platform (6,743 construction design workers, 7,582 translation workers, 15,000 web development workers)

The Impact of a Decade of Digital Transformation on Employment, Wages, and Inequality in the EU: A Conveyor Belt Hypothesis

Richiardi, Westhoff, Astarita, Ernst, Fenwick, Khabirpour, Pelizzari

20253 citations
Wage inequalityEducation / Training

AI for Collective Intelligence

Riedl, de Cremer

20252 citations
ProductivityCollective intelligenceDecision-making

AI-Powered Lawyering: AI Reasoning Models, Retrieval Augmented Generation, and the Future of Legal Practice

Schwarcz, Manning, Barry, Cleveland, Prescott, Rich

202511 citations
LLM / Generative AIAugmentationLegal / Regulation

Winners and Losers of Generative AI: Early Evidence of Shifts in Freelancer Demand

Teutloff, Einsiedler, Kässi, Braesemann, Mishkin, del Rio-Chanona

202515 citations
LLM / Generative AIPlatforms / gig economyJunior / entry-levelAugmentation vs. substitutionWriting / content

Data: Anonymous online freelancing platform job postings data collected via Online Labour Index project API

Job Automation in China: Who Is at Risk and Where Are They Located?

Wang, Crowley, Doran, O’Connor

20251 citations
Automation / RobotsAI (General)Labor displacementGenderEducation / Training

Evaluating the Impact of AI on the Labor Market: Current State of Affairs

Gimbel, Kinder, Kendall, Lee

2025

Data: CPS; Anthropic AI usage data; OpenAI exposure scores

AI Exposure Predicts Unemployment Risk: A New Approach to Technology-Driven Job Loss

Frank, Ahn, Moro

20256 citations
Automation / RobotsLabor displacementEducation / Training

Data: Monthly occupation-level unemployment data from US state unemployment insurance offices

GDPval: Evaluating AI Model Performance on Real-World Economically Valuable Tasks

Patwardhan, Dias, Proehl, Kim, Wang, Watkins, Posada Fishman, Aljubeh, Thacker, Fauconnet, Kim, Chao, Miserendino, Chabot, Li, Sharman, Barr, Glaese, Tworek

2025
LLM / Generative AI

Data: Custom benchmark of economically-relevant tasks drawn from freelancing platforms

The AI Productivity Index (APEX)

Vidgen, Thrush, Hale, Madnani, Awal, Majumder, Luger, Baines, Klyman, Saifullah, Kirk

2025
LLM / Generative AIHealthcareLegalFinanceHuman-AI collaboration

Data: O*NET task descriptions; custom expert annotation of AI task performance

Generative AI and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from the United Kingdom

Teeselink

20251 citations
LLM / Generative AIWage inequalityJunior hiresLabor market concentration

Labor Demand in the Age of Generative AI: Early Evidence from the U.S. Job Posting Data

Liu, Wang, Yu

2025
LLM / Generative AIJunior / entry-levelAugmentation vs. substitutionGeneral automation

Data: Lightcast online job postings (285 million postings, 2018Q1-2025Q2)

Working paper

Generative AI and Labor Market Matching Efficiency

Wiles, Horton

20252 citations
LLM / Generative AIPlatforms / gig economyWriting / contentHuman-AI collaboration

Data: Online labor market platform data

Working paper

Measuring AI Uptake in the Workplace

Crane, Green, Soto

20254 citations
AI (General)LLM / Generative AI

Data: Census BTOS; BLS JOLTS; Fed Reserve surveys; Pew Research; ABA surveys

AI and Jobs: A Review of Theory, Estimates, and Evidence

del Rio-Chanona, Ernst, Merola, Samaan, Teutloff

2025
AI (General)LLM / Generative AIMachine Learning (pre-LLM)Junior / entry-levelHuman-AI collaborationAugmentation vs. substitutionRoutine task changeGeneral automationPlatforms / gig economySoftware / codingWriting / contentCustomer service

Data: O*NET; Various exposure measures; RCT evidence; Administrative data

Skill Demand versus Skill Use

Daly, Groes, Jensen

20244 citations

Data: Danish job postings

Applying AI to Rebuild Middle Class Jobs

Autor

202493 citations
AI (General)HealthcareLegalSoftware / codingEducationAugmentation vs. substitutionTraining / upskillingJunior / entry-level

Data: Census; CPS; O*NET

Working paper

The Rapid Adoption of Generative AI

Bick, Blandin, Deming

202453 citations
LLM / Generative AIAI Adoption

Data: Real-Time Population Survey

Working paper

Tracking Firm Use of AI in Real Time

Bonney, Breaux, Buffington, Dinlersoz, Foster, Goldschlag, Haltiwanger, Kroff, Savage

202429 citations
AI AdoptionAI (General)

Data: Census BTOS

Working paper

Gen-AI: Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Work

Cazzaniga, Jaumotte, Li, Melina, Panton, Pizzinelli, Rockall, Tavares

2024112 citations
LLM / Generative AIAI (General)Augmentation vs. substitutionGeneral automationGenderDeveloping economiesSenior / older workersOccupational mobilityTraining / upskilling

Data: O*NET; ILO ILOSTAT

Learning from Ricardo and Thompson: Machinery and Labor in the Early Industrial Revolution, and in the Age of AI

Acemoglu, Johnson

20245 citations
LLM / Generative AIAutomation / RobotsAugmentation vs. substitutionGeneral automationHuman-AI collaborationAlgorithmic management

Data: Historical cotton textile wages and automation data

Working paper

The Unequal Adoption of ChatGPT Exacerbates Existing Inequalities Among Workers

Humlum, Vestergaard

202451 citations
LLM / Generative AIGenderJunior / entry-levelHuman-AI collaborationTraining / upskilling

Data: Survey (18K workers, 11 occupations); Danish register data

Tasks At Work: Comparative Advantage, Technology and Labor Demand

Acemoglu, Kong, Restrepo

202410 citations
Automation / RobotsAI (General)Routine task changeAugmentation vs. substitutionGeneral automation

Data: US Census 1980; American Community Survey 2014-2018; BEA-BLS Integrated Industry Accounts; Dictionary of Occupational Titles (1977, 1991); O*NET

Working paper

The Crowdless Future? Generative AI and Creative Problem-Solving

Boussioux, Lane, Zhang, Jaćimović, Lakhani

2024149 citations
LLM / Generative AIAugmentationPlatforms / gig economyCreativity

The ABC's of Who Benefits from Working with AI: Ability, Beliefs, and Calibration

Caplin, Deming, Li, Martín, Marx, Weidmann, Ye

20247 citations
AI (General)Human-AI collaborationDecision-makingAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: IMDB-WIKI face image dataset (for stimuli); Experimental data collected on Prolific platform

Working paper

Generative Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications for Labor Markets in Developing Countries: A Review Essay

Cruces, Amarante, Lotitto

2024
LLM / Generative AIAI (General)Developing economiesWriting / contentPlatforms / gig economyGenderAugmentation vs. substitutionHuman-AI collaborationGeneral automation

Data: None - literature review

Working paper

AI-Enhanced Collective Intelligence

Cui, Yasseri

202442 citations
LLM / Generative AIMachine Learning (pre-LLM)AI (General)Human-AI collaborationCollective intelligence / teamsDecision-makingAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: Supermind Design Augmented Collective Intelligence Database (938 AI-CI applications)

The Effects of Generative AI on High-Skilled Work: Evidence from Three Field Experiments with Software Developers

Cui, Demirer, Jaffe, Musolff, Peng, Salz

202443 citations
LLM / Generative AISoftware / codingJunior / entry-levelHuman-AI collaborationAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: Supermind Design Augmented Collective Intelligence Database (938 cases)

Working paper

Who Is AI Replacing? The Impact of Generative AI on Online Freelancing Platforms

Demirci, Hannane, Zhu

202420 citations
LLM / Generative AIComputer Vision / Image AIPlatforms / gig economyWriting / contentSoftware / coding

Data: Proprietary data from undisclosed global online labor market platform via API (1,388,711 job posts from July 2021 to July 2023); Google Trends Search Volume Index

Working paper

Generative AI Enhances Individual Creativity but Reduces the Collective Diversity of Novel Content

Doshi, Hauser

2024350 citations
LLM / Generative AIWriting / contentCreative workHuman-AI collaborationAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: Prolific online experiment (N=293 writers, N=600 evaluators)

Generative AI and the Nature of Work

Hoffmann, Boysel, Nagle, Peng, Xu

20242 citations
LLM / Generative AI

Generative AI's Labor-Replacing Impacts on Occupations Also Foster Short-Run Job Opportunities for Early Adopters

Ji, Chen, Wang, Hou, Chen, Zhu

20242 citations
LLM / Generative AI

From Helping Hand to Stumbling Block: The ChatGPT Paradox in Competency Experiment

Kim, Moon

2024
LLM / Generative AI

The Heterogeneous Productivity Effects of Generative AI

Kreitmeir, Raschky

20246 citations
LLM / Generative AISoftware / codingJunior / entry-levelSenior / older workersHuman-AI collaborationAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: GitHub Archive (public event data); GitHub GraphQL API (user metadata)

An Empirical Investigation of the Impact of ChatGPT on Creativity

Lee, Chung

202496 citations
LLM / Generative AICreativity

Generative AI Enhances Team Performance and Reduces Need for Traditional Teams

Li, Zhou, Mikel-Hong

20249 citations
LLM / Generative AIHuman-AI collaborationDecision-makingCollective intelligence / teamsAugmentation vs. substitutionWriting / content

Data: Experimental data collected via Prolific platform; IMDB-WIKI facial image dataset used for stimuli

Working paper

The Value, Benefits, and Concerns of Generative AI-Powered Assistance in Writing

Li, Liang, Peng, Yin

202448 citations
LLM / Generative AIWriting / contentHuman-AI collaborationAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: Experiment-generated data from 379 Prolific workers

ChatGPT Decreases Idea Diversity in Brainstorming

Nave, Meincke, Terwiesch

20241 citations
LLM / Generative AIAugmentationCreativity

Exposure to Generative Artificial Intelligence in the European Labour Market

Nurski, Ruer

20241 citations
LLM / Generative AI

Data: European Labour Force Survey; European occupation and task data

Working paper

The Employment Impact of Emerging Digital Technologies

Prytkova, Petit, Li, Chaturvedi, Ciarli

202416 citations
Automation / RobotsGeneral automationHuman-AI collaborationAugmentation vs. substitutionRoutine task change

Data: Derwent patent database (190,714 patents, 2012-2021); Regional European Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) for NUTS-2 employment 2012-2019; ISCO-08 occupation classifications; NACE Rev.2 industry classifications

Working paper

How AI Features Can Change Team Dynamics

Reitz, Higgins

2024
LLM / Generative AI

Effects of AI Feedback on Learning, the Skill Gap, and Intellectual Diversity

Riedl, Bogert

20241 citations
AI (General)Decision-makingTraining / upskillingAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: Lichess.org platform data (games, AI analysis records, player ratings)

When GenAI Increases Inequality: Evidence from a University Debating Competition

Roldan-Mones

2024
LLM / Generative AI

The Potential Impact of AI Innovations on U.S. Occupations

Septiandri, Constantinides, Quercia

202414 citations
AI (General)HealthcareSoftware / codingAugmentation vs. substitutionGeneral automation

Data: O*NET 26.3 (May 2022, 759 occupations, 17,879 tasks); USPTO patents via Google Patents Public Data (24,758 AI patents, 2015-2022, filtered using WIPO PATENTSCOPE AI Index)

The Impact of Generative AI on Collaborative Open-Source Software Development: Evidence from GitHub Copilot

Song, Agarwal, Wen

202410 citations
LLM / Generative AISoftware / codingHuman-AI collaborationCollective intelligence / teams

Data: GitHub Archive Dataset (public repository data); GitHub proprietary Copilot usage data

Working paper

Clio: Privacy-Preserving Insights into Real-World AI Use

Tamkin, McCain, Handa, Durmus, Lovitt, Rathi, Huang, Mountfield, Hong, Ritchie, Stern, Clarke, Goldberg, Sumers, Mueller, McEachen, Mitchell, Carter, Clark, Kaplan, Ganguli

20244 citations
LLM / Generative AIWriting / contentSoftware / codingPlatforms / gig economy

Data: Claude.ai conversation logs (proprietary); WildChat dataset (public); LMSYS-1M-Chat dataset (public)

A New Sociology of Humans and Machines

Tsvetkova, Yasseri, Pescetelli, Werner

202435 citations
LLM / Generative AIAutomation / RobotsAI (General)Platforms / gig economyHuman-AI collaborationDecision-makingCollective intelligence / teamsAlgorithmic management

Data: Not applicable (literature review)

Simple Autonomous Agents Can Enhance Creative Semantic Discovery by Human Groups

Ueshima, Jones, Christakis

20244 citations
Machine Learning (pre-LLM)Human-AI collaborationCollective intelligence / teamsDecision-making

Data: Experiment-generated data from online lab experiment via Amazon Mechanical Turk; word2vec semantic embeddings

Generative AI's Impact on Graduate Student Writing Productivity and Quality

Usdan, Pensky, Chang

20245 citations
LLM / Generative AIProductivityWritingEducation / Training

Artificial Intelligence and People at Work

Woolley

20241 citations
AI (General)Machine Learning (pre-LLM)

Data: None (conceptual paper)

The Impact of Large Language Models on Open-Source Innovation: Evidence from GitHub Copilot

Yeverechyahu, Mayya, Oestreicher-Singer

20247 citations
LLM / Generative AISoftware / codingAugmentation vs. substitutionHuman-AI collaboration

Data: GitHub API data on commits and repository activity for Python, R, Rust, and Haskell packages; PyPI, CRAN, Hackage, and Crates.io for version release data

Working paper

GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models

Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin, Rock

2023532 citations
LLM / Generative AIAI ExposureWriting / contentSoftware / coding

Data: O*NET task descriptions; BLS OEWS

AI Adoption in America: Who, What, and Where

McElheran, Li, Brynjolfsson, Kroff, Dinlersoz, Foster, Zolas

202338 citations
AI AdoptionMachine LearningAutomation / RobotsComputer Vision / Image AIFinanceDeveloping economiesHuman-AI collaborationAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: 2018 Annual Business Survey (ABS)

Generative AI at Work

Brynjolfsson, Li, Raymond

2023736 citations
LLM / Generative AICustomer serviceJunior / entry-levelHuman-AI collaborationAugmentation vs. substitutionTraining / upskilling

Data: Proprietary customer support data

Working paper

Task-Based Automation: Implications for Wages and Inequality

Hubmer

20239 citations
Automation / RobotsRoutine task changeAugmentation vs. substitutionGeneral automationGender

Data: PSID, CPS

Working paper

Generative AI and Firm Values

Eisfeldt, Schubert, Zhang

2023109 citations
LLM / Generative AIFinanceAugmentation vs. substitutionHuman-AI collaboration

Data: Revelio Labs; Lightcast

Working paper

Artificial Intelligence, Firm Growth, and Product Innovation

Babina, Fedyk, He, Hodson

2023814 citations
LLM / Generative AIAI (General)Firm-level effectsInnovation / Patents

Data: Resumes; job postings; patents; publications

Generative AI and Jobs: A Global Analysis of Potential Effects on Job Quantity and Quality

Gmyrek, Berg, Bescond

202352 citations
LLM / Generative AIGenderDeveloping economiesAugmentation vs. substitutionGeneral automation

Data: O*NET; ISCO classification

Working paper

The Short-Term Effects of Generative Artificial Intelligence on Employment: Evidence from an Online Labor Market

Hui, Reshef, Zhou

202370 citations
LLM / Generative AIAugmentationProductivityPlatforms / gig economy

Data: Upwork platform data

Combining Human Expertise with Artificial Intelligence: Experimental Evidence from Radiology

Agarwal, Moehring, Rajpurkar, Salz

202398 citations
Computer Vision / Image AIHealthcareHuman-AI collaborationDecision-makingAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: Stanford University Hospital chest X-ray patient records (324 cases); Experimental data from 227 professional radiologists recruited through teleradiology companies

Working paper

Quantifying the Distribution of Machine Learning's Impact on Work

Brynjolfsson, Mitchell, Rock, Syverson

2023
LLM / Generative AIMachine Learning (pre-LLM)Computer Vision / Image AIAI (General)General automationAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: Proprietary customer support chat data from Fortune 500 enterprise software company; AI platform usage logs from AI software vendor

Working paper

Occupational Exposure to Capital-Embodied Technical Change

Caunedo, Jaume, Keller

202332 citations
Occupational mobilityRoutine task change

Large Language Models in Creative Work: The Role of Collaboration Modality and User Expertise

Chen, Chan

202345 citations
LLM / Generative AICreativity

Lawyering in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

Choi, Monahan, Schwarcz

202330 citations
AI (General)Legal / Regulation

Navigating the Jagged Technological Frontier: Field Experimental Evidence of the Effects of AI on Knowledge Worker Productivity and Quality

Dell’Acqua, McFowland, Mollick, Lifshitz‐Assaf, Kellogg, Rajendran, Krayer, Candelon, Lakhani

2023599 citations
LLM / Generative AIWriting / contentCreative workHuman-AI collaborationAugmentation vs. substitutionTraining / upskilling

Data: Boston Consulting Group experimental data (758 consultants, approximately 7% of global individual contributor consultants); proprietary task completion data, AI interaction logs, human and GPT-4 quality evaluations

Working paper

Toward Human-Centered AI Management: Methodological Challenges and Future Directions

Dong, Bonnefon, Rahwan

20232 citations
Platforms / gig economyAlgorithmic management

Occupational Heterogeneity in Exposure to Generative AI

Felten, Raj, Seamans

202390 citations
LLM / Generative AI

No Great Equalizer: Experimental Evidence on Productivity Effects of Generative AI Use in the UK Labor Market

Haslberger, Gingrich, Bhatia

202318 citations
LLM / Generative AIWriting / contentJunior / entry-levelSenior / older workersGenderHuman-AI collaborationAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: Original online experiment conducted via YouGov (July 2023, N=1,041)

Working paper

Algorithmic Management Diminishes Status: An Unintended Consequence of Using Machines to Perform Social Roles

Jago, Raveendhran, Fast, Gratch

202327 citations
Algorithmic management

When and How Artificial Intelligence Augments Employee Creativity

Jia, Luo, Fang, Liao

202314 citations
AI (General)AugmentationCreativity

Technology and Labor Displacement: Evidence from Linking Patents with Worker-Level Data

Kogan, Papanikolaou, Schmidt, Seegmiller

202310 citations
Automation / RobotsAI (General)Junior / entry-levelSenior / older workersAugmentation vs. substitutionRoutine task changeGeneral automationOccupational mobility

Data: SSA Detailed Earnings Records (DER) linked to Current Population Survey (CPS); USPTO patent data; Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT); Census Longitudinal Business Database (LBD)

Working paper

'Generate' the Future of Work through AI: Empirical Evidence from Online Labor Markets

Liu, Xu, Li, Tan

202317 citations
LLM / Generative AIPlatforms / gig economySoftware / codingWriting / contentAugmentation vs. substitutionTraining / upskillingOccupational mobility

Data: Leading online labor platform data (all job postings, bids, transactions, freelancer data)

Experimental Evidence on the Productivity Effects of Generative Artificial Intelligence

Noy, Zhang

2023258 citations
LLM / Generative AIAI (General)Productivity

The Uneven Impact of Generative AI on Entrepreneurial Performance

Otis, Clarke, Delecourt, Holtz, Koning

2023141 citations
LLM / Generative AIDeveloping economiesHuman-AI collaborationDecision-making

Data: Self-reported business performance surveys (7 waves: 3 pre-treatment, 4 post-treatment); WhatsApp conversation logs between entrepreneurs and AI assistant; Post-treatment survey responses on business changes

Working paper

The Impact of AI on Developer Productivity: Evidence from GitHub Copilot

Peng, Kalliamvakou, Cihon, Demirer

2023238 citations
LLM / Generative AISoftware / codingHuman-AI collaborationAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: Microsoft internal GitHub data (1,663 developers, September 2022-September 2023); Accenture internal GitHub data (311 developers, July 2022-November 2023); GitHub Copilot usage telemetry data

Working paper

What Roles Could Generative AI Play on Your Team?

Piskorski, Joshi

2023
LLM / Generative AI

Labour Market Exposure to AI: Cross-Country Differences and Distributional Implications

Pizzinelli

202353 citations
AI (General)GenderAugmentation vs. substitutionGeneral automation

Data: US American Community Survey (2019); UK Labour Force Survey (2022); Brazil Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (2022); Colombia Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (2022); India Periodic Labour Force Survey (2018-19); South Africa Labor Market Dynamics Survey (2019); O*NET work contexts and job zones

Working paper

Accelerating Science with Human-Aware Artificial Intelligence

Sourati, Evans

202359 citations
AI (General)Science / researchHuman-AI collaboration

Data: None

Explanations Can Reduce Overreliance on AI Systems During Decision-Making

Vasconcelos, Jörke, Grunde-McLaughlin, Gerstenberg, Bernstein, Krishna

2023219 citations
Machine Learning (pre-LLM)Human-AI collaborationDecision-makingAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: Experiment-generated data from five lab studies on Prolific platform

AI-Driven Labour Substitution: Evidence from Google Translate and ChatGPT

Yilmaz, Naumovska, Aggarwal

202319 citations
LLM / Generative AIPlatforms / gig economy

Large Language Models as Simulated Economic Agents: What Can We Learn from Homo Silicus?

Horton

2023234 citations
LLM / Generative AIHuman-AI collaborationDecision-makingAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: GPT-3 API responses (text-davinci-003, text-ada-001, text-babbage-001, text-currie-001)

Working paper

Algorithmic Writing Assistance on Jobseekers' Resumes Increases Hires

van Inwegen, Munyikwa, Horton

202318 citations
LLM / Generative AIPlatforms / gig economyWriting / contentJunior / entry-levelHuman-AI collaborationAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: Online labor market platform data (~500K jobseekers)

New Frontiers: The Origins and Content of New Work, 1940-2018

Autor, Chin, Salomons, Seegmiller

202265 citations
Automation / RobotsAI (General)Augmentation vs. substitutionGeneral automationRoutine task change

Data: Census (1940-2018)

Working paper

The Algorithmic Management of Work and Its Implications in Different Contexts

Baiocco, Fernandez-Macias, Rani, Pesole

2022
Algorithmic management

Inefficient Automation

Beraja, Zorzi

202224 citations
Automation / RobotsGeneral automationOccupational mobilityAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: Calibration targets from multiple sources: BLS labor share data; unemployment duration from Alvarez and Shimer (2011); productivity loss from Kambourov and Manovskii (2009); income process from Floden and Lindé (2001) using PSID; occupational mobility from Kambourov and Manovskii (2008); tax progressivity from Heathcote et al. (2017)

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Labour Markets in Developing Countries: A New Method with an Illustration for Lao PDR and Urban Viet Nam

Carbonero, Davies, Ernst, Fossen, Samaan, Sorgner

20224 citations
AI (General)Developing economies

How Are Patented AI, Software and Robot Technologies Related to Wage Changes in the United States?

Fossen, Samaan, Sorgner

202219 citations
LLM / Generative AIAutomation / RobotsMachine Learning (pre-LLM)AI (General)Augmentation vs. substitutionGeneral automationRoutine task change

Data: Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS-ASEC) 2011-2021 via IPUMS-CPS; Webb (2020) patent-based technology exposure measures

The Diffusion of Digital Technologies and Its Consequences in the Labour Market

Gathmann, Grimm

20222 citations
Automation / Robots

Working with Wolt: An Ethnographic Study of Lenient Algorithmic Management on a Food Delivery Platform

Kusk, Bossen

202228 citations
Platforms / gig economyAlgorithmic management

An Occupational Safety and Health Perspective on Human in Control and AI

Niehaus, Hartwig, Rosen, Wischniewski

202230 citations
Automation / RobotsAI (General)Decision-makingRoutine task changeHealthcare

Data: DiWaBe (Digitalization and Change in Employment) Survey 2019

Occupational, Industry, and Geographic Exposure to Artificial Intelligence: A Novel Dataset and Its Potential Uses

Felten, Raj, Seamans

2021344 citations
AI (General)Firm-level effects

Data: EFF AI Progress Measurement; O*NET; Amazon MTurk survey

Tasks, Automation, and the Rise in US Wage Inequality

Acemoglu, Restrepo

2021101 citations
Automation / RobotsRoutine Task ChangeSkills & TasksAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: Census; CPS; DOT; O*NET

Working paper

To Trust or to Think: Cognitive Forcing Functions Can Reduce Overreliance on AI in AI-Assisted Decision-Making

Bucinca, Malaya, Gajos

2021577 citations
AI (General)Decision-makingHuman-AI collaboration

Data: Experimental data collected via Amazon Mechanical Turk

Occupational Mobility and Automation: A Data-Driven Network Model

del Rio-Chanona, Mealy, Beguerisse-Díaz, Lafond, Farmer

202149 citations
Automation / RobotsLabor displacementOccupational mobility

The Role of Digital Labour Platforms in Transforming the World of Work

International Labour Organisation

2021239 citations
Platforms / gig economy

Threatened by AI: Analyzing Users' Responses to the Introduction of AI in a Crowd-Sourcing Platform

Lysyakov, Viswanathan

202117 citations
Machine Learning (pre-LLM)Platforms / gig economy

Algorithmic Management of Work on Online Labour Platforms: When Matching Meets Control

Möhlmann, Zalmanson, Henfridsson, Gregory

2021352 citations
Platforms / gig economyAlgorithmic management

Artificial Intelligence and Jobs: Evidence from Online Vacancies

Acemoglu, Autor, Hazell, Restrepo

2020117 citations
AI ExposureAI AdoptionSkills & TasksFinance

Data: Burning Glass (2010-2018)

Working paper

Earnings Dynamics, Changing Job Skills, and STEM Careers

Deming, Noray

2020309 citations
Junior hires

Data: Near-universe of online job postings (2007-2019); Census/ACS

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Labor Market

Webb

2019406 citations
Automation / RobotsWage inequalityInnovation / Patents

Data: O*NET, USPTO patents

The Demand for AI Skills in the Labor Market

Alekseeva, Azar, Gine, Samila, Taska

201924 citations
GenderJunior / entry-level

Data: Anagrafe Nazionale Studenti (Italian National Register of Students); INVALSI standardized test scores

Working paper

Automating Labor: Evidence from Firm-Level Patent Data

Dechezleprêtre, Hemous, Olsen, Zanella

201936 citations
Automation / RobotsFirm-level effectsInnovation / PatentsRoutine task change

The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: Implications for the Future of Work

Ernst, Merola, Samaan

2019376 citations
AI (General)Automation / RobotsGeneral automationDeveloping economiesAugmentation vs. substitutionTraining / upskillingPlatforms / gig economyAlgorithmic management

Data: Penn World Tables version 9; ILO Trends Econometric Models

Mapping the Future of Occupations: Transformative and Destructive Effects of New Digital Technologies on Jobs

Fossen, Sorgner

2019100 citations
Automation / RobotsAI (General)Augmentation vs. substitutionRoutine task change

Data: O*Net occupational database; Frey and Osborne (2017) computerization probabilities; Felten et al. (2018) AI progress measure

Algorithms at Work: The New Contested Terrain of Control

Kellogg, Valentine, Christin

20191,604 citations
Algorithmic management

What Can Machines Learn, and What Does It Mean for Occupations and the Economy?

Brynjolfsson, Mitchell, Rock

2018552 citations
Automation / RobotsMachine Learning (pre-LLM)

Data: O*NET; CrowdFlower

Monopsony in Online Labor Markets

Dube, Jacobs, Naidu, Suri

201848 citations
Platforms / gig economy

Data: Amazon MTurk data

Working paper

AI and Jobs: The Role of Demand

Bessen

2018194 citations
Automation / RobotsAI (General)General automationAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: US Census Historical Statistics (employment, production); Bureau of Labor Statistics Current Employment Situation

Working paper

Automation and Jobs: When Technology Boosts Employment

Bessen

2018130 citations
Automation / RobotsAI (General)General automationAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: US Census Bureau Historical Statistics; BLS Current Employment Statistics; Historical production and employment data for textiles (SIC 2211, 2221), steel (SIC 3312), and automotive manufacturing

Robots Worldwide: The Impact of Automation on Employment and Trade

Carbonero, Ernst, Weber

201873 citations
Automation / RobotsLabor displacementAugmentation

A Method to Link Advances in Artificial Intelligence to Occupational Abilities

Felten, Raj, Seamans

2018197 citations
Automation / RobotsAI (General)

Skill Requirements across Firms and Labor Markets

Deming, Kahn

2017

Data: Burning Glass (2010-2015)

Working paper

Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets

Acemoglu, Restrepo

2017889 citations
Automation / RobotsAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: IFR robot data

Working paper

Benign Effects of Automation: New Evidence from Patent Texts

Mann, Püttmann

2017113 citations
Automation / RobotsInnovation / Patents

Do Recessions Accelerate Routine-Biased Technological Change?

Hershbein, Kahn

201627 citations
Automation / RobotsAI (General)Routine task changeAugmentation vs. substitutionJunior / entry-level

Data: Burning Glass (2007, 2010-2015)

Working paper

The Future of Employment: How Susceptible are Jobs to Computerisation?

Frey, Osborne

20167,908 citations
Automation / RobotsMachine Learning (pre-LLM)AI (General)Routine task changeGeneral automation

Data: O*NET

Robots at Work

Graetz, Michaels

2015124 citations
Automation / RobotsAugmentation vs. substitution

Data: IFR industrial robot data; 17 countries panel (1993-2007)

The 'Task Approach' to Labour Markets: An Overview

Autor

201352 citations
AI (General)Automation / RobotsRoutine task changeAugmentation vs. substitutionGeneral automation

Data: None (theoretical paper)

Working paper

Job Polarization and Jobless Recoveries

Jaimovich, Siu

2012226 citations
Automation / RobotsRoutine task changeGeneral automation

Data: CPS, Census

Working paper

Skills, Tasks and Technologies: Implications for Employment and Earnings

Acemoglu, Autor

20113,444 citations
Automation / RobotsAI (General)Routine task changeAugmentation vs. substitutionOccupational mobilityGeneral automation

Data: Census, CPS, O*NET

The Growth of Low-Skill Service Jobs and the Polarization of the US Labor Market

Autor, Dorn

200996 citations
Automation / RobotsOccupational mobilityRoutine task changeAugmentation vs. substitutionGeneral automation

Data: Census IPUMS; ACS; CPS

Working paper

The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change

Autor, Levy, Murnane

20012,626 citations
Routine task change

Data: DOT, CPS